Black-eyed Galaxy Plus Another

 

Waxing Gibbous Moon and Segments

Moon (Again)

 

Waxing Crescent Moon

 

M42 - The Great Orion Nebula

I've been meaning to try out Astro Pixel Processor (APP) for a while now with a view to buying it as my main astro processing software, but I've not had any image data which I regarded as being worthy of extensive processing until now.

Following my successful Team Viewer based remote setup using a long weatherproof network cable from my house into to my garden, I can now control my laptop for finding targets, controlling my mount and capturing image data from the warmth and comfort of being indoors.  I use Carte du Ciel to locate the target and Astro Photography Tool (APT) to plate-solve the image and centralise it in the field of view.

The first target I chose was M42, the Orion Nebula, my thoughts being that if I can't get decent images of this then I might as well give up.  I setup an exposure plan in APT to capture a range of exposures from 10 seconds to 120 seconds, in order to have correctly exposed shots of both the core and the outer nebulosity.  I also took some dark frames with the same exposure and corresponding bias frames, but no flats.  Then I loaded them all into APP.

I'm not going to go into the processing details here as I'm still on the steep learning curve of this sophisticated software, but APP calibrates the main images (lights) with darks and bias frames, before analysing the stars it finds, aligning or registering the images, normalising them and finally stacking or integrating them into a single image file.  All this is done automatically with no intervention if the default values are used.

Following integration, the image can be stretched to widen the dynamic range and reveal details unseen in the initial images and various other adjustments made before being saved.  Although the image APP produces is pretty good, it is normal to process it further in a graphics package such as PhotoShop or GIMP to tease out even more subtle detail. And this is what I have done here.  

So these images all stem from the same set of data captured in APT and calibrated and stacked in APP.  You can play around with the colours and fine detail for ever and it's difficult to know when to stop.  Different techniques produce different colours and effects, it's up to the viewer to decide which they like best.  To some extent it's impossible to know what the true colours are as we can't actually see them with the naked eye.

The Main Sequence

In astronomy, the main sequence is a continuous and distinctive band of stars that appears on plots of stellar colour versus brightness. These color-magnitude plots are known as Hertzsprung–Russell diagrams (see below) after their co-developers, Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell. Stars on this band are known as main-sequence stars or dwarf stars. These are the most numerous true stars in the universe, and include the Earth's Sun.

After condensation and ignition of a star, it generates thermal energy in its dense core region through nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. During this stage of the star's lifetime, it is located on the main sequence at a position determined primarily by its mass, but also based upon its chemical composition and age. The cores of main-sequence stars are in hydrostatic equilibrium, where outward thermal pressure from the hot core is balanced by the inward pressure of gravitational collapse from the overlying layers. The strong dependence of the rate of energy generation on temperature and pressure helps to sustain this balance. Energy generated at the core makes its way to the surface and is radiated away at the photosphere. The energy is carried by either radiation or convection, with the latter occurring in regions with steeper temperature gradients, higher opacity or both.

The main sequence is sometimes divided into upper and lower parts, based on the dominant process that a star uses to generate energy. Stars below about 1.5 times the mass of the Sun (1.5 M☉) primarily fuse hydrogen atoms together in a series of stages to form helium, a sequence called the proton–proton chain. Above this mass, in the upper main sequence, the nuclear fusion process mainly uses atoms of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen as intermediaries in the CNO cycle that produces helium from hydrogen atoms. Main-sequence stars with more than two solar masses undergo convection in their core regions, which acts to stir up the newly created helium and maintain the proportion of fuel needed for fusion to occur. Below this mass, stars have cores that are entirely radiative with convective zones near the surface. With decreasing stellar mass, the proportion of the star forming a convective envelope steadily increases. Main-sequence stars below 0.4 M☉ undergo convection throughout their mass. When core convection does not occur, a helium-rich core develops surrounded by an outer layer of hydrogen.

In general, the more massive a star is, the shorter its lifespan on the main sequence. After the hydrogen fuel at the core has been consumed, the star evolves away from the main sequence on the HR diagram, into a supergiant, red giant, or directly to a white dwarf.

Rosette Nebula Revisited

With unexpected clear skies last night, I decided to have a 'proper' go at imaging the Rosette Nebula which has the NGC 2244 star cluster at its core. Things didn't quite go to plan as I made a mistake with my intervalometer and so wasted an hour of imaging time, but I did manage to get something out of the evening. Here is the equipment and acquisition data along with the resulting image:

Equipment used:

• SkyWatcher EvoStar 80D with Skywatcher 0.85x focal reducer
• Canon 800D modded for Ha sensitivity
• Optolong L-eNhance narrowband filter
• MGEN-II standalone autoguider on 9x50mm SkyWatcher finder scope
• SkyWatcher HEQ5 Pro mount with belt mod

Acquisition details:

• 7 x 5 minute subs with similar dark, flat and bias calibration frames.
• Processed in Siril followed by Adobe PhotoShop CC

As you can see, I've added my GeekTeacher Astro signature logo to this image.

Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun

Today I have been mainly photographing an International Space Station's Solar Transit.  This is when the ISS passes across the face of the sun creating a silhouette of its shape.  Whether you can view a solar transit like this depends on where you are on earth at the time of its passing.  Luckily, today it was viewable from some parts of the UK.

To view a transit you need to plan in terms of location and time, prepare your equipment and execute your plan at exactly the right time.  Finding out where it will be viewable is quite easy nowadays using online resources. I use ISS Transit Finder to look out for and plan solar and lunar transits by the ISS. Here is an outline of the procedure:

Planning

1. Go to transitfinder.com
2. Enter your location by using 'Auto-detect' or by entering your latitude and longitude co-ordinates
3. Enter the dates in which you are interested - you can only go up to 30 days in advance
4. Enter how far you would be willing to travel in km (100 is good number to choose)
5. Click the 'Calculate' button.

This will take you to a screen that shows you the next solar and lunar transits which can be viewed from or near your location, in date order.

From the above image it can be seen that when I was planning this, the next solar transit was 2020-12-05 (US date format) which is today. However, the quality of view was only going to be 2 star from where I live in Tyldesley with only 1.21 seconds of viewing time and the ISS is only just skirting the bottom of the sun. Clicking on the 'MORE INFORMATION' button revealed more detail:

Clicking on 'SHOW ON MAP' produces a map of the transit path showing my location as a red pin and an ideal location on the line of maximum viewing time with a green pin.

Anywhere along the central line would give a viewing of 2.37 seconds.  So I closed the pop up box and zoomed into the map to find a good spot.  It was at this point that my friend Paul Richardson suggested Dunham Massey, as it's an area not far from our homes and almost exactly on the central line.  He suggested a free car park on Henshaw Lane, but when I actually got there it wasn't in the best position. However, I soon found another spot just 100 metres up the road and Paul joined me there.

Preparation

The preparation to get an image of the solar transit mainly requires a lot of thought.  There are two main methods I considered:

1. Fire a rapid burst at exactly the right time
2. Take some video of the passing

Having two DSLR cameras, I decided to try both methods.

The first method depends on having the right camera settings and firing a burst exactly on time. Luckily, I've imaged the sun a few times now, the first time being capturing the Transit of Mercury back in November 2019 - you can read about that here.  So I had an idea about the settings, although clouds can sometimes play havoc with what you think should be correct.  I set the camera to fully manual mode, and used ISO 100, an aperture of f/9 and a shutter speed of 1/1000th of second and practised in my back garden.

The second method doesn't require exact timing as the video can be started early and left running.  Although you will be sure of capturing it that way, the resulting images may not be as sharp for such a small, fast moving object. A high frame rate and fast shutter speed would be needed.

To help with timing, I downloaded an accurate time app for my phone called 'Atomic Clock' which is synced to internet time and which gives the time in milliseconds.  My shutter release cable and two home-made solar filters made for the Mercury Transit were also needed. The shutter release cable helps avoid unwanted vibrations often caused by touching the camera. 

The solar filters are essential for viewing the sun to avoid damaging your eyes and the camera sensor.  You can read how I made mine here. I never look at the sun though the eyepiece, only on the back screen of the camera.  It also helps to use a towel or sheet placed over the camera and your head when viewing the camera screen, to cut out unwanted light from the sun.

I decided I'd set up two cameras on tripods each with a solar filter (one for video and one for stills) to ensure I got some record of the transit.  I'd start the video recording early and leave it running, then concentrating only on the stills camera which I would fire a three second burst activated by the shutter release cable.  My camera, a Nikon D500, has a large RAW file buffer and can shoot up to 200 continuous frames at 10 frames per second, although there is somethings a brief pause after 50 frames. I used a 500mm f/4 lens with a 2x teleconverter to give 1000mm (or 1500mm in 35mm terms).

Because the ISS was only going to be a tiny silhouette against the very bright sun, I decided that the shot I wanted was a composite of its path across the face of the sun. A single image like the one below isn't all that interesting. So all I'd need to do was hold the shutter down firing rapidly as it passed by - easier said than done and only one go at it!

Execution

Having done the preparation, the final part was to put the plan into action. I arrived early to cope with setting everything up correctly and doing a few test exposures. Paul turned up shortly afterwards and when we were both ready we just had to wait for the right time. Paul was shooting video though an 400mm scope with a 2xBarlow and a DSLR camera.

Anxiously checking the Atomic Clock app, I called out the time every now and then waiting for 13:16, at which point I held down my shutter release and fired away.  I carried on doing it for three button presses which took about 200 shots each until 13:17 arrived, at which point I knew it the ISS had gone. 

 

Before we knew it, it was all over.  We quickly checked the backs of our cameras but neither of us could see anything except the sun.  I thought I'd blown it. I'd have to wait until I got home to find out that I'd actually captured it!  I sent a text to Paul to tell him I had and that he should have something too.  He later confirmed that he had. Below is an animated GIF which I made from the individual frames.

Unfortunately, my video recording was very underwhelming as expected.  Having used my best equipment on the stills, I had to use a full frame camera on a 300mm lens plus a 1.7x teleconverter for the video.  Although I have captured something, it just wasn't long though to record the tiny ISS in any detail.

Processing

The final part of this little project was to produce a final image of the ISS transit shown below.  This was done by importing the images into PhotoShop via a script which loads them into an image stack, with many layers. Each layer was a different shot.  Although I selected 'attempt to align images in stack' when importing them, my first attempt at combining them using the Darken blend mode resulted in the sunspots being elongated as the sun tracked from left to right.  Funnily enough, the sun still looked round, but the sunspots looked awful.  I tried fudging it by cloning some of them out of the image, but it really didn't look good.

So I then had to painstakingly align each image manually, which I did by creating several ruler guide lines on the spots, before cropping and doing some final colour and sharpening edits.  This is the final image and I have to say I'm quite pleased with it.

Isn't it nice when a plan comes together?

PLEASE REMEMBER THAT YOU SHOULD NEVER LOOK AT THE SUN THROUGH ANY OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS INCLUDING CAMERAS, BINOCULARS AND TELESCOPES WITHOUT USING A PROPERLY CERTIFIED SOLAR FILTER.

SUNGLASSES AND WELDING GLASS DO NOT OFFER ADEQUATE PROTETCION.